Code Modernization of the Framework Modules

This MR finishes the efforts of the past few weeks to modernize C++ language constructs across the core modules and some applications.

• Enable a wider range of clang-tidy diagnostics
• Improve infrastructure to run clang-tidy on a subset of modules, tests, and apps
• Move clang-tidy CI task into its own "Code Quality" stage
• Update clang-tidy CI task to collect and provide diagnostics information on a per-module, per-app basis
• Modernize large parts of the codebase toward C++17 best practices (see #252 (closed))