Python 2.7 compatibility

This commit makes the Python code backwards compatible down to Python 2.7. Previously it would only run on Python 3.5 and up.

Problems fixed included:
- `time.perf_counter()` doesn't exist
- all classes need to be new-style
- `functools.lru_cache` doesn't exist
- only the last argument to a function call can be `*`-expanded
- the `nonlocal` keyword doesn't exist
- metaclasses are used with a different syntax
- `yield from` doesn't exist
- `tempdir.TemporaryDirectory` doesn't exist
- iterators need a `next()` method